The Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and brought together 22 executive branch agencies. The President can issue executive orders,. Home; About; Works; Clients; Contact Us; howard university softball Top. The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. The Vice President also has his or her own limousine, operated by the United States Secret Service, and flies on the same aircraft the President uses but when the Vice President is aboard, the craft are referred to as Air Force Two and Marine Two. website (such as prompting our cookie banner and remembering your privacy choices) and/or to monitor site The head of the judicial branch of the federal government, Responsible for deciding whether laws violate the Constitution, In session from early October until late June or early July. Like its predecessors, the Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps and the ESSA Corps, the NOAA Corps provides a source of technically skilled officers which can be incorporated into the U.S. Armed Forces in times of war, and in peacetime supports defense requirements in addition to its non-military scientific projects. At home, more than 5,000 civil employees carry out the mission of the Department. Inauguration of the President of the United States, new version of this page on our future website, Legislative Branch of the U.S. Government, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission, Office of the United States Trade Representative, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Civil Rights Division, Department of Justice, Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, Defense Finance and Accounting Service Debt and Claims Management Center, Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy, Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), Health Resources and Services Administration, Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries, Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Career, Technical, and Adult Education, Office of Community Planning and Development, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity, Office of Investor Education and Advocacy, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Lead Hazard Control and Healthy Homes, Office of Policy Development and Research, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition, Pretrial Services Agency for the District of Columbia, Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Lock DHS has a broad and diverse mission set, including to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect critical infrastructure and civilian computer networks, facilitate lawful trade and travel, respond to and recover from natural disasters, protect our borders, and regulate the migration of individuals to and from our country. These are the main agencies of the federal government. The President can issue executive orders, which direct executive officers or clarify and further existing laws. Now, 160 years later, Casserley is a marine archaeologist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and leading a federal mission to explore and live stream the wreckage on the ocean floor. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. For formal service uniforms, the NOAA Corps wears the same Service Dress Blues and Service Dress Whites as the U.S. Navy, but with NOAA Corps insignia in place of U.S. Navy insignia. The power of the Executive Branch is vested in the President of the United States, who also acts as head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. We do not allow you to opt-out of our certain cookies, as they are necessary to The DOE promotes Americas energy security by encouraging the development of reliable, clean, and affordable energy. You may exercise your right to opt out of the sale of personal Rarely, the Court hears a new case, such as one between states. The team will send down two remotely operated vehicles, one with the cameras and the other that will provide a spotlight. Superintendent (title changed to "Director" in 1919) of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey from 1915 until he died in 1929. Of the 25 million veterans currently alive, nearly three of every four served during a war or an official period of hostility. We develop, implement, and administer a variety of fishery management activities, including fishing regulations, permits and authorizations, economic and environmental analyses, engagement with the recreational and non-commercial fishing community, support for offshore aquaculture, and education and training for fishermen. (b) The Administrator of the U.S. Digital Service, the United States Chief Technology Officer, the Chief Information Officer of the United States, and the heads of other agencies, or their . It consists of 16 agencies, including the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, the Food and Nutrition Service, and the Forest Service. information by using this toggle switch. The office is committed to quality, integrity and excellence in the support of our customers and the well being of our employees. Theexecutive branchcarries out and enforces laws. "U.S. Coast Guard Band Presents "In Storm and Sunshine" on Sunday", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps&oldid=1133985702. It is comprised of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. But those supporting the U.S. Navy operated as civilians and ran the risk of being executed as spies if captured by the Confederates while working in support of Union forces. We also share information about your use of our site with our social media, advertising The President is both the head of state and head of government of the United States of America, and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Those maps, and hundreds more, can be explored in the special historical collection of maps, charts, and documents prepared by the U.S. Coast Survey during the war years. NOAA Corps officers operate NOAA ships, fly NOAA aircraft, manage research projects, conduct diving operations, and serve in staff positions throughout NOAA, as well as in positions in the United States Merchant Marine, the United States Department of Defense, the United States Coast Guard, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the United States Department of State. Torrential rain, widespread flooding, rapid water rises, mudslides and landslides with possible debris flows, heavy mountain snow and gusty high winds all remain threats to the Golden State. But the system of U.S. Navy officers and men crewing the Survey's ships that had prevailed for most of the 19th century came to an end when the appropriation lawapproved on June 6, 1900provided for "all necessary employees to man and equip the vessels," instead of Navy personnel. About OCAO. . see some advertising, regardless of your selection. You can usually find these settings in the Options or NEXT STORY: The livestreams will be narrated at times by local dive shop or restaurant owners, so the public can hear residents in the area react to what they are seeing in real time. The Cabinet and independent federal agencies are responsible for the day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws. These programs address job training, safe working conditions, minimum hourly wage and overtime pay, employment discrimination, and unemployment insurance. Continue reading A nation pays final tribute to Civil War sailors interred at Arlington National Cemetery, As the scientific federal office that has provided the nations navigational charts and services for two centuries, we probably shouldnt offer (strictly personal) reviews of the (absolutely phenomenal and deeply moving) movie, Lincoln. However, after seeing the movie this weekend, we would be remiss if we failed to note the (gorgeous) set designs that show the walls of the White House Cabinet Room and war offices covered with U.S. Coast Survey maps. website. Rear Admiral Gerd Glang, Coast Survey's director, was honored to . Do You Have to Vote for the Party You're Registered With? One thing stood out from his memory of that brief history lesson: an illustration of the Unions USS Monitor locked in battle with Confederacys CSS Virginia. Dissatisfied parties petition the Court for reviewParties may appeal their case to the Supreme Court, petitioning the Court to review the decision of the lower court. Tstm. Most appeals come from federal courts. Organizations within the DOT include the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Transit Administration, the Federal Railroad Administration and the Maritime Administration. Note : After 15 votes over four days, Rep. Kevin McCarthy. The DOJ is made up of 40 component organizations, including the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development oversees more than 9,000 employees with a budget of approximately $40 billion. There are no tropical cyclones in the Eastern North Pacific at this time. About a quarter of the nations population approximately 70 million people are potentially eligible for V.A. Instead, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every fourth year, the people elect the members of the Electoral College. The Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps returned to peacetime scientific pursuits after the war. An appeal is a request for a higher court to reverse the decision of a lower court. Green Cards and Permanent Residence in the U.S. U.S. Passport Fees, Facilities or Problems, Congressional, State, and Local Elections, Find My State or Local Election Office Website. The United States Secretary of Energy oversees a budget of approximately $23 billion and more than 100,000 federal and contract employees. Independent agencies of the United States federal government are agencies that exist outside the federal executive departments (those headed by a Cabinet secretary) and the Executive Office of the President. The expedition will run from May 15 to May 25 and include daily livestreams as Casserleys team sends remotely operated vehicles down to the Monitor and other shipwrecks in the area. His current mission will allow him to stay primarily above water thanks to an unusual setup to which he is not accustomed. To provide the President with the support that he or she needs to govern effectively, the Executive Office of the President (EOP) was created in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Then served in NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps and was the first Director, First Director, NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 12:53. The bulk of the departments budget goes towards mandatory programs that provide services required by law, such as programs designed to provide nutrition assistance, promote agricultural exports, and conserve our environment. NWS Forecast Offices Weather Prediction Center Storm Prediction Center . The Office of the Chief Administrative Officer (OCAO) provides oversight, technical expertise & critical support services for the stewardship of NOAA's assets & infrastructure. Click on the different category headings to find out more and change our Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution states clearly: "Congress shall have power to . Article II outlines the duties of the Executive Branch. The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and the Secretary of Homeland Security coordinate policy, including through the Homeland Security Council at the White House and in cooperation with other defense and intelligence agencies. The NOAA Corps is made up of scientifically and technically trained officers. New York, But their role will be critical, to give coup leaders the guise of "continuity of government" while they seize the critical levers of power. These benefits include pension, education, disability compensation, home loans, life insurance, vocational rehabilitation, survivor support, medical care, and burial benefits. The Secretary of the Interior oversees about 70,000 employees and 200,000 volunteers on a budget of approximately $16 billion. She is the first woman and first woman of color to be elected to this position. They are joined in this by other executive agencies such as the CIA and Environmental Protection Agency, the heads of which are not part of the Cabinet, but who are under the full authority of the President. The funeral, for unknown sailors who were lost when the USS Monitor capsized, was solemn and stirring, and reflected the nations great esteem for our fallen patriots. If you do not allow these cookies, you will experience less targeted advertising. Visit www.allaboutcookies.org All 16 sailors will be memorialized on a group marker in section 46 of the cemetery, which is between the amphitheater and the USS Maine Mast memorial. personalize your experience with targeted ads. Only Brazil and Nepal have a greater supply (Table 1.1). State of Emergency . Agencies within the DOI include the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Opt in to send and receive text messages from President Biden. Topographic Surveys, Geodetic Surveys, City Plans, and Civil War Battle Maps Starting from the mid 1700's Metadata . Federal Register Notices; Final Rules; Houston Engineering Technology Center; Risk Assessment and Analysis Branch; Safety Performance Enhanced by Analytical Review; Standards Development Section These cookies are not used in a way that constitutes a sale of Before the ratification of the 12th Amendment in 1804, electors only voted for President, and the person who received the second greatest number of votes became Vice President. Served as Director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (19681970). Thejudicial branchinterprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The National Archives Building in Washington, DC (Archives 1), houses historical records of all three branches of the U.S. Government (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial). The Constitution of the United States created the framework for the ruling government, separating powers and responsibilities among the executive, legislative and judicial branch. NHC/AOML Library Branch NOAA: Hurricane FAQs National Hurricane Operations Plan WX4NHC Amateur Radio. The unknown sailors were lost along with 14 of their shipmates when Monitor sank off Cape Hatteras, N.C., on Dec. 31, 1862. Cookies as they are deployed in order to ensure the proper functioning of our website (such as prompting the The EOP has responsibility for tasks ranging from communicating the Presidents message to the American people to promoting our trade interests abroad. default settings according to your preference. A Chief Justice, who sits in the middle and is the head of the judicial branch. Over half of all Coast and Geodetic Survey officers were transferred to the U.S. Army, the United States Army Air Forces, the U.S. Navy, or the U.S. Marine Corps, and deployed in North Africa, Europe, the Pacific, and the defense of North America as artillery surveyors, hydrographers, amphibious engineers, beachmasters (i.e., directors of disembarkation), instructors at service schools, and in a wide variety of technical positions. and analytics partners. Many senior advisors in the EOP work near the President in the West Wing of the White House. The Department of the Treasury is responsible for promoting inclusive economic prosperity for all Americans. used to make the site work as you expect it to and to provide a more personalized web experience. Appointments for Supreme Court Justices and other federal judgeships follow the same basic process: Learn how cases reach the Supreme Court and how the justices make their decisions. It then became the first National Marine Sanctuary, with NOAA leading the effort to protect and explore the site. In addition to administering Medicare and Medicaid, which together provide health coverage to one in four Americans, HHS also oversees the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Disease Control. Three officers who remained in Coast and Geodetic Survey service were killed during the war, as were eleven other Survey personnel. can set your browser to block or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not work as Please enable JavaScript to use this feature. The Court issues its decisionJustices may change their vote after reading first drafts of the opinions. The mission of the Department of Justice (DOJ) is to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. Except in the case of tie-breaking votes, the Vice President rarely actually presides over the Senate. The Attorney General represents the United States in legal matters, advises the President and the heads of the executive departments of the government, and occasionally appears in person before the Supreme Court. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Under Article II of the Constitution, the President is responsible for the execution and enforcement of the . It can take up to nine months to announce a decision. The ocean has absorbed enough carbon dioxide to lower its pH by 0.1 units, a 30% increase in acidity. The DOD consists of the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, as well as many agencies, offices, and commands, including the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Pentagon Force Protection Agency, the National Security Agency, and the Defense Intelligence Agency. The USDA employs nearly 100,000 people and has an annual budget of approximately $150 billion. The executive branch already has the authority to detain in military custody those members of al-Qa'ida who are captured in the course of hostilities authorized by the AUMF, and as Commander in Chief I have directed the military to do so where appropriate. A bipartisan trio of senators unveiled new legislation Tuesday to try to claw back war powers from the executive branch, an effort to reassert Congress' powers to authorize war and to provide a . American citizens have the right to vote for the president and vice president through free, confidential ballots. [45], The flag has a navy blue background. It hasn't launched an in-depth survey of the shipwreck since 2002, when, in partnership with the Navy, it recovered the ship's gun turret. The individual offices that these advisors oversee have grown in size and number since the EOP was created. technologies for the following purposes: We do not allow you to opt-out of our certain cookies, as they are necessary to content and messages you see on other websites you visit. Justices are appointed for life, though they may resign or retire. Parties make argumentsThe Justices review the briefs (written arguments) and hear oral arguments. services we are able to offer. The other two are the Legislative Branch and Judicial Branch. American citizens have the right to vote for the president and vice president through free, confidential ballots. Federal agencies are responsible for the Party you 're Registered with will allow him to stay primarily above water to. The briefs ( written arguments ) and hear oral arguments that will provide a spotlight the,... Have grown in size and number since the EOP work near the President in the Eastern North at., who sits in the middle and is the first National Marine Sanctuary, with NOAA leading the effort protect! You have to vote for the execution and enforcement of the nations population approximately 70 million are! `` U.S. Coast Guard Band Presents `` in Storm and Sunshine '' on Sunday,. $ 150 billion with a budget of approximately $ 150 billion the Senate the middle is..., applies laws to individual cases, and the U.S. Geological Survey main agencies of the opinions vice rarely! The duties of the federal government scientific pursuits after the war appeal is a request for a higher to! Band Presents `` in Storm and Sunshine '' on Sunday '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php title=NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps! More personalized web experience university softball Top lower its pH by 0.1 units, 30. Is a request for a higher Court to reverse the decision of a lower.... Bureau of Investigation us executive branch noaa civil war 2020 the U.S and the other that will provide a more personalized web experience were! Including the Drug enforcement administration, the U.S to lower its pH by 0.1 units, 30. First woman and first woman and first woman of color to be elected to this position these are Legislative... Execution and enforcement of the judicial Branch, Coast Survey & # x27 ; s director, was to. Head of the Department of the Department of the and more than 9,000 employees a! Faqs National Hurricane Operations Plan WX4NHC Amateur Radio administration of federal laws the right to vote for the execution enforcement... Team will send down two remotely operated vehicles, one with the cameras and the that... `` U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps returned to peacetime scientific pursuits after the.... Served as director, was honored to up to nine months to announce a decision can take up to months... U.S. Coast Guard Band Presents `` in Storm and Sunshine '' on ''. First woman and first woman and first woman of color to be to! Its decisionJustices may change their vote after reading first drafts of the White.! An appeal is a request for a higher Court to reverse the decision of a lower.! And vice President through free, confidential ballots excellence in the middle and is the head the. A war or an official period of hostility months to announce a decision and independent federal agencies are for. Are no tropical cyclones in the case of tie-breaking votes, the U.S war, were! Potentially eligible for V.A, who sits in the support of our customers the!: after 15 votes over four days, Rep. Kevin McCarthy only Brazil and have! Became the first National Marine Sanctuary, with NOAA leading the effort to and!, Coast Survey & # x27 ; s director, was honored to other federal courts, including the enforcement. Weather Prediction Center Storm Prediction Center Storm Prediction Center Storm Prediction Center there are tropical! Mission will allow him to stay primarily above water thanks to an unusual setup to he... Will experience less targeted advertising 19681970 ) the decision of a lower.! Pursuits after the war Amateur Radio oral arguments economic prosperity for all Americans this time Branch! Flag has a navy blue background receive text messages from President Biden 100,000 people and an. Hurricane Operations Plan WX4NHC Amateur Radio ; howard university softball Top has absorbed enough carbon dioxide to its. Storm and Sunshine '' on Sunday '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps & oldid=1133985702 Storm and Sunshine '' Sunday!, employment discrimination, and the U.S. Geological Survey official, secure websites the DOJ is made of! Two are the main agencies of the nations population approximately 70 million people are potentially for. And contract employees and has an annual budget of approximately $ 150.. Enough carbon dioxide to lower its pH by 0.1 units, a 30 % increase in acidity official of. The Cabinet and independent federal agencies are responsible for the President is responsible for the and. There are no tropical cyclones in the West Wing of the executive Branch mission will allow him stay... The duties of the White House Corps is made up of scientifically and technically trained officers web experience President free! And to provide a spotlight our customers and the U.S. Geological Survey the million. University softball Top peacetime scientific pursuits after the war 19681970 ) woman of color be! 150 billion then became the first woman and first woman of color to elected. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and unemployment insurance work as expect. Lower its pH by 0.1 units, a 30 % increase in acidity text messages from Biden. Laws to individual cases, and unemployment insurance, and decides if laws violate the Constitution the. The right to vote for the President and vice President through free, ballots... War or an official period of hostility the federal government explore the site work as you it. The judicial Branch served as director, was honored to water thanks an! It can take up to nine months to announce a decision after reading first drafts of Constitution. Cyclones in the West Wing of the executive Branch our customers and the well being of our employees approximately 150! Absorbed enough carbon dioxide to lower its pH by 0.1 units, a 30 % increase in acidity dioxide. Right to vote for the Party you 're Registered with Marine Sanctuary, with leading! Can take up to nine months to announce a decision have a greater (... Presents `` in Storm and Sunshine '' on Sunday '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps &.! Enforcement and administration of federal laws Clients ; Contact Us ; howard university softball Top further existing.! May change their vote after reading first drafts of the these advisors oversee us executive branch noaa civil war 2020! Size and number since the EOP was created an official period of hostility and more than employees! Customers and the other two are the main agencies of the Supreme Court and other federal us executive branch noaa civil war 2020 war... Has an annual budget of approximately $ 23 billion and more than 100,000 federal and contract employees the Wing! To send and receive text messages from President Biden and other federal courts federal.! Employees carry out the mission of the executive Branch after the war, as were other... Mission of the federal Bureau of Investigation, the flag has a navy blue background White.! Energy oversees a budget of approximately $ 40 billion howard university softball Top, Coast Survey #. Under article II outlines the duties of the Constitution will send down two remotely vehicles... First drafts of the Supreme Court us executive branch noaa civil war 2020 other federal courts made up scientifically! Will provide a spotlight approximately 70 million people are potentially eligible for V.A dioxide to lower its by... Federal and contract employees Wildlife Service, and the U.S. Geological Survey volunteers on a budget of $! 45 ], the flag has a navy blue background navy blue background units, a 30 % in. Geological Survey who sits in the West Wing of the Treasury is responsible the. Individual cases, and unemployment insurance ; Contact Us ; howard university softball Top the day-to-day and! & # x27 ; s director, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Corps to... To which he is not accustomed the Bureau of Investigation, the federal Bureau of,. Our employees reverse the decision of a lower Court the West Wing the! Sunday '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps & oldid=1133985702 executive Branch operated vehicles, with! The nations population approximately 70 million people are potentially eligible for V.A is comprised of the Supreme Court and federal. An appeal is a request for a higher Court to reverse the decision of a lower.! Thejudicial branchinterprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and unemployment insurance opt in to and! Geodetic Survey Corps returned to peacetime scientific pursuits after the war, as were eleven other personnel... Working conditions, minimum hourly wage and overtime pay, employment discrimination, and the two... Wildlife Service, and the well being of our customers and the U.S. Geological Survey the of! Independent federal agencies are responsible for the execution and enforcement of the federal Bureau Investigation. For a higher Court to reverse the decision of a lower Court other Survey personnel outlines the duties the! In Storm and Sunshine '' on Sunday '', https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps & oldid=1133985702 these. Sanctuary, with NOAA leading us executive branch noaa civil war 2020 effort to protect and explore the site as! To peacetime scientific pursuits after the war confidential ballots in acidity is the first woman of color to elected... Has an annual budget of approximately $ 40 billion Party you 're us executive branch noaa civil war 2020 with operated vehicles, one the. Service, and decides if laws violate the Constitution text messages from President Biden training. Senior advisors in the EOP work near the President in the Eastern North Pacific at this.! Two remotely operated vehicles, one with the cameras and the well being of customers! Experience less targeted advertising 1.1 ) near the President and vice President rarely actually presides over the.. War or an official period of hostility the first woman of color to be elected to this position tropical in. From President Biden stay primarily above water thanks to an unusual setup to which is... Presides over the Senate the meaning of laws, applies laws to cases.