Kumargupta founded Nalanda University in the 5th century A.D . It engaged in the organised transmission of knowledge over an uninterrupted period of 800 years. The invasions of the Turks forced the monks to flee and a century later, scholars described Nalanda to be completely deserted and empty. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The patriarchal and religion-based society ensured that the student body only consisted of upper caste, male candidates. The monks and students of the university survived on the generosity and grace of their contemporary rulers. Read about the worlds oldest, cultural, and international university. Numerous sculptures, as well as many murals, copper plates, inscriptions, seals, coins, plaques, potteries and works in stone, bronze, stucco, and terracotta, have been unearthed within the ruins of Nalanda. Dharmasvamin found it "largely damaged and deserted". [144], Several Buddhist institutions overseas have chosen to call themselves Nalanda to acknowledge Nalanda's influence. , via The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Each monastery and temple of Nalanda University was assigned different purposes and had ranging religious affiliations, namely, . or Nalanda University, lasted for over 700 hundred years. Being established in 1951 the university began its first academic session in 2014. The gold found during his loots and raids of the Buddhist monasteries made him a hundred times richer. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries, and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj. [69][70], Inscriptions, literary evidence, seals, and ruined artwork excavated at the Nalanda site suggest that Nalanda remained active and continued to thrive under the Palas. [72][73], Inscriptions issued between the 9th and 12th centuries attest gifts and support to Nalanda for the upkeep of the monastery, maintenance of the monks, copying of palm leaf manuscripts (necessary for preservation given the Indian tropical climate). Nalanda University accepted students of reaching nationalities, including from neighboring regions such as Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, and even farther countries like Iran, Greece, Mongolia. Buddhist students coveted to attain. Hundreds of other archaeological shreds of evidence were dug up near Nalanda: clay seals, terracotta ornaments, and metal figurines of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist icons. The profound knowledge of Nalanda's teachers attracted scholars from places as distant as China, Korea, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, Turkey, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia. These include Nalanda Buddhist Society in Malaysia[145] and Nalanda College, Colombo, Sri Lanka,[146] Nalanda Buddhist Education Foundation, Indonesia, Nalanda Buddhist Institute, Bhutan, The Nalanda Mahavihara site is in the State of Bihar, in north-eastern India. A 30m (100ft) wide passage runs from north to south with the temples to its west and the monasteries to its east. The Buddhist administration had always ensured and invested in the growth of Nalanda. Nalanda University was one of the first universities in the world, founded in the 5th Century BC, and reported to have been visited by the Buddha during his lifetime. Other Tibetan monks and he had shifted to Nepal, as the place to study, copy and move manuscripts to Tibet. To the east of Temple 2, lie the remains of Sarai Temple in the recently excavated Sarai Mound. During his time as a student, 1510 teachers and 10,000 monks were present on the campus. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847. It could have been one of several monasteries near Nalanda. He was also called Shakraditya. This suggests that Nalanda's destruction was accompanied with a widespread fire after the mid-12th century. [2] Most structures show evidence of multiple periods of construction with new buildings being raised atop the ruins of old ones. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915, which unearthed eleven monasteries and six brick temples neatly arranged on grounds 12 hectares (30 acres) in area. The revivalism of Nalanda has been a failure up until now. Nalanda University boasted a campus with 9 million books and architecture so vast, it took 3 months to burn down completely. These were the decades of widespread systematic destruction of monasteries in this region, and historical records in Tibet affirm that monks from Nalanda and nearby monasteries such as the Vikramashila monastery who "survived the slaughter, fled to Tibet", according to Scharfe. It stands for a university which attracted students and scholars from across Asia and even farther away. He offers an alternate meaning "charity without intermission", from "na-alam-da"; however, this split does not mean this. It was after Sambhota's first return from Nalanda that the Tibetan king adopted Buddhism and committed to making it the religion of his people. [47] He described there being eight vihara with as many as 300 cells. The vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta, a university in Kolkata, India, is the executive head of the university. Queen Kumardev of Srnth had attempted to restore Nalanda to its previous glory, but it was in vain. [105][106] He took with him several Indian masters: Sugatar, (an expert in Madhyamaka and Prajpramit); Jayadatta (Vinaya); Vibhticandra (grammar and Abhidharma), Dnala (logic), Saghar (Candavykaraa), Jvagupta (books of Maitreya), Mahbodhi,(Bodhicaryvatra); and Klacandra (Klacakra). This destruction is corroborated by three sources, which are congruent but contain uncertainties that raise some questions as well a minor dispute about the exact date. The land allotted to the Indian monasteries attracted the Turk invasions in the next centuries. Kumargupta was the founder of Nalanda University. The towers as well as the sides of the stairs are decorated with exquisite panels of Gupta-era art depicting a variety of stucco figures including Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, scenes from the Jataka tales. However, a thousand years prior to the worldwide colonization of Europeans, Asian centers of learning such as. One gate opens into the great college, from which are separated eight other halls standing in the middle (of the Sangharama). Bakhtiyar Khalji, a native of Afghanistan, repeatedly plundered Magadha and the neighboring villages for gold, food supplies, and horses. The panels of another temple illustrated motifs of Hindu gods and goddesses. Nalanda University was also supported by the famous ruler King Harshavardhana of Kannauj. The next seven seasons of archaeological excavations through 1928 were led by Page. A number of scholars have associated some Mahayana texts such as the Shurangama Sutra, an important sutra in East Asian Buddhism, with the Buddhist tradition at Nalanda. (602-644 AD) recited that a series of tasks were set for a prospective student prior to admissions. Besides Buddhist studies, the monk also attended courses in grammar, logic, and Sanskrit, and later also lectured at the Mahavihara. This also tells us why the regional initiative for the revival of Nalanda University was unanimously and enthusiastically welcomed the world over. The morning begins with the ghanta (bell) being rung. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. The burning of the library continued for several months and smoke from the burning manuscripts hunglike a dark pall over the low hills.. [75] Another Nalanda inscription from the 11th century mentions a gift of "revolving bookcase". Between 606-647 CE, Nalanda owned 200 villages nearby with the grace of many generations of Pala kings. Bakhtiyar Khalji, a native of Afghanistan, repeatedly plundered Magadha and the neighboring villages for gold, food supplies, and horses. According to Hiuen Tsang, the Nalanda University was founded by Sakraditya. Xuanzang returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts and 150 relics carried by 20 horses in 520 cases. He translated 74 of the texts himself. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Eventually, in opposition to the universitys ideological inclination towards tantric doctrines and magic rites of Mahayana Buddhism, several competing mahaviharas cropped up in the area. Only the Tibetan and his nonagenarian instructor stayed behind and hid themselves while the rest of the monks fled. Another scholar writes that the university was founded by Kumaragupta I of the. It is a world heritage site. He believed that the aim of his arduous overland journey to India had been achieved as in Shilabhadra he had at last found an incomparable teacher to instruct him in Yogachara, a school of thought that had then only partially been transmitted to China. He was one of the kings in the Hindu dynasty of the Guptas. Copyright 2019 - 2022 NALANDA UNIVERSITY, ASEAN-India Network of Universities (AINU), School of Buddhist Studies, Philosophy, and Comparative Religions, School of Ecology and Environment Studies, School Of Languages and Literature/Humanities, Centre for Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies, Instructions for filling Application Form. The first evidence is from a Muslim historian. For example, monks such as Kyom-ik began visiting Indian monasteries by the mid-6th century. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. The invasions of the Turks forced the monks to flee and a century later, scholars described Nalanda to be completely deserted and empty. Systematic excavation of the ruins by the ASI did not begin until 1915 and ended in 1937. 5 22. [18], In 2010, the Government of India passed a resolution to revive the famous university, and a contemporary institute, Nalanda University, was established at Rajgir. However, several students and faculty have dropped out because it is situated on the rural outskirts of Rajgir, disconnected by two hours from the capital city of Patna. [157] In a shrine near the bottom of the staircase, a large image of Avalotiteshvar was found which was eventually moved to the Museum.[158]. Archeological Excavations At Nalanda University Yet, the proposal was as at once futuristic, for the ideals and standards of the ancient seat of learning have proven to be universal in their relevance as well as utility. [12][13] Over some 750 years, its faculty included some of the most revered scholars of Mahayana Buddhism. [37], In the Indian tradition and texts, kings were called by many epithets and names. A trove of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have also been discovered in the ruins, many of which are on display in the Nalanda Archaeological Museum, situated nearby. Each attendee was expected to be attached-by-the-hip to their gurus (teachers) for eight years and more. 3 features a shrine chamber which now only contains the pedestal upon which an immense statue of Buddha must have once rested. There are fictional stories in Tibetan texts for post-12th-century era too, with names of ahistorical and unverifiable "kings", "sages", "arsonists", "thousands of new Buddhist monasteries and temples" and "Muslim robbers murdering a king". He described the condition in the decades after the sack of Nalanda and other Buddhist monasteries in Magadha-region of India. (ASI reports, 19351937), Variants of similar fictional accounts about Nalanda before the 4th century are found in several Tibetan works and Chinese pilgrim accounts. Constructed during the rule of Kumargupta of the Gupta dynasty. Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang came during Harsha's reign, gave a detailed account of Nalanda University. [170], Another museum adjoining the excavated site is the privately run Nalanda Multimedia Museum. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent. It was patronised by hissuccessors and later by Harsha. The main goal of Nalanda University, the most famous institute of its time, was to impart spiritual lessons and moral code to its students. According to its colophon it was donated by the mother of the great pandita Sri Asoka in the second year of the reign of King Surapala, at the very end of the 11th century. Chapter 10 of Dharmasvamin's biography describes Nalanda in c. 1235 CE. Faxian had come to India to acquire Buddhist texts, and spent 10 years in India in the early fifth century, visiting major Buddhist pilgrimage sites including the Nalanda area. 2 See answers Advertisement Advertisement . Dharmapala-: Vikramshila University was established by Dharmapala. [89] Among the Tibetan records, the most useful is the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, Dharmasvamin discovered in 1936 and in bsdus-yig style, Tibetan script. Image by The Hindu. The entire procedure, says Yijing, is explained in the Buddhist Nikaya procedures. Founded in 427 C.E., Nalanda Mahavihara, or Nalanda University, lasted for over 700 hundred years. It was founded by Kumaragupta I during the Gupta period. [156] According to Win Maung, the stupa was influenced by Gupta architecture, which itself had Kushana era influences. The ability to meld multiple discourses and embrace knowledge in its entirety is what made Nalanda uniquely attractive for all seekers of knowledge. 2 notably features 211 sculptured religious and secular panels. Thus, when the former President of India, the Honble Dr. A.P.J. She is also a part-time assistant for philosopher Volker Zotz. [88], The Tibetan records are the second source of the events at Nalanda in the late 12th century and much of the 13th century. In the next period of Indian history, the Rajputs (10th-12th century), and the Gahadwala kings directed their grants towards Brahmanical institutions. The digging performed around a kilometer square of Nalanda district was counted as one of the most beautiful marvels of its time. A relic, comprising a skull bone of the Chinese monk, is on display in the memorial hall. [119], Tibetan tradition holds that there were "four doxographies" (Standard Tibetan: grub-mtha) which were taught at Nalanda:[135], In the 7th century, Xuanzang recorded the number of teachers at Nalanda as being around 1510. Between 606-647 CE. The University is a research-intensive international university supported by the countries of the East Asia Summit. Finally, the project took off, when the Nalanda University Act 2010 was passed in both the Houses of the Indian Parliament. The fear of persecution was strong in the 1230s, and his colleagues dissuaded him from going to Magadha. The Dalai Lama states:[108]. Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress, and acquired great booty. There was not a commercial value associated with the sanctity of knowledge. Queen Kumardev of Srnth had attempted to restore Nalanda to its previous glory, but it was in vain. [citation needed] Buddhist studies scholars and historians such as Peter Harvey,[80] Charles Prebish,[81] Damien Keown,[81] Donald Mitchell,[82] Steven Darian,[83] Stephen Berkwitz[84] and others attribute Nalanda's destruction to Bakhtiyar Khalji. [168] It is also an important stop on the Buddhist tourism circuit. As the hallmarks of the ancient Nalanda were its diversity, a knowledge ecosystem thriving on shared creation of new knowledge and an international outlook, these remain as the essence of the new Nalanda University as well. Nalanda University is a public central/union university located in Nalanda district's Rajgir in the state of Bihar, India. Temple 3 in the south was the most imposing structure. Modern-day Indologists and archeologists predict that the number ranged somewhere between 1000 to 4000. Nalanda was an ancient Buddhist University for higher education which is located about 89 km away from Patna in the state of Bihar, India. The pupils were servants following a noble pursuit and. [117], At its peak the school attracted scholars and students from near and far, with some travelling from Tibet, China, Korea, and Central Asia. They bathe with their underwear on, then get out slowly to avoid disturbing anyone else. The idea garnered greater support subsequently. It was a Buddhist center of learning. These have been carbon dated to about 1200 BCE. Chinese monk Hiuen Tsang notes that the intellectual flow of knowledge flourished in Nalanda after the 3rd or 4th centuries AD. He was a seventh-century emperor with a capital at Kannauj (Kanyakubja). While he stayed there for six months under the tutelage of Rahula Shribhadra, Dharmasvamin makes no mention of the legendary library of Nalanda which possibly did not survive the initial wave of Turkic attacks. Chinese philosopher Xuanzang (602-644 AD) recited that a series of tasks were set for a prospective student prior to admissions. According to George Roerich, "his [Chag lo-tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal, Dharmasvamin] account conveys something of the anxiety of [the Buddhist community of] those days."[90]. [74] One inscription also mentions the destruction of a Nalanda library of manuscripts by fire, and support for its restoration. 13 features a brick-made smelting furnace with four chambers. Susan Huntington and Bhaskara Misra scholars of Indian architecture and arts, state Temple 2 as a Hindu temple. It is designated as an Institute of National Importance (INI) and excellence. [45] He states (c. 637 CE), "a long succession of kings" had built up Nalanda till "the whole is truly marvellous to behold". [159] The site of Temple no. They were designed with towers, panels, and votive stupas. 14 What is VC University? [107], Tibetan Buddhist tradition is regarded to be a continuation of the Nalanda tradition. By Simran SoodBA History and Anthropology (in-progress)Simran works independently as a writer and researcher. Monk Vipulshrimitra built a monastery. He, however, did not associate the mounds of earth and debris with famed Nalanda. 105106, Gregory Schopen (1989), A Verse from the Bhadracarlpranidhdna in a 10th Century Inscription found at Nalanda, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Vol 12, Number 1, pp. Founded 1796 1841 (city) Named for Jonathan Dayton Government. [127] It was ransacked and destroyed by an army of the Mamluk Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate under Bakhtiyar Khalji in c.1202 CE. Nalanda remained a central place for the study of epistemology . He founded the university in the 5th Century AD. [2], A Black Buddha temple (termed by locals as the Telia Bhairav, "tel" refers to use of oil) is near Temple 14 with has an ancient large black Buddha image in bhumisparha mudra. [6] It is about 80 kilometres (50mi) northeast of Bodh Gaya another important Buddhist site in Bihar. Debates, conversations, and tutorials were part and parcel of the teaching methods. He was invited by the Tibetan king, Khri-sron-deu-tsan, and established the monastery at Samye, serving as its first abbot. It describes Islamic raids in 12th-century India, states that whole of Magadha fell to the Turushka (Turks, a common term for Muslims in historic Indic and Tibetan texts). Modern-day Indologists and archeologists predict that the number ranged somewhere between 1000 to 4000. To honor the selection process of ancient Nalanda, only 15 candidates, out of 1000 applicants worldwide, were admitted after rigorous screening. Answer: [B] Kumargupta I Notes: Some archaeological sources identify a monarch called Shakraditya as founder of Nalanda university. According to Asher, while the excavated Nalanda site is large and the number of viharas so far found are impressive, they simply cannot support 10,000 or more student monks. On becoming acquainted [with the contents of those books], it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindustani tongue, they call a college [] Vihar. Nalanda University was established by Gupta emperor Kumargupta I, the ruler of the Gupta Empire in 427 CE. Nalanda University accepted students of reaching nationalities, including from neighboring regions such as Korea, Japan, China, Indonesia, and even farther countries like Iran, , Mongolia. [12] [13] Over some 750 years, its faculty included some of the most revered scholars of Mahayana Buddhism. [96], The third evidence is the discovery of thick layer of ashes and charcoal discovered during the archaeological excavations on the uppermost strata, inscribed artwork and soil, and this layer was found over many buildings separated by some distance. They are inconsistent with the much lower numbers (over 3000) given by Yijing, another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda a few decades later. [8][31], Chapter 2.7 of the Jaina text Sutrakritanga states that Nalanda is a "suburb" of capital Rajagriha, has numerous buildings, and this is where Mahavira (6th/5th century BCE) spent fourteen varshas a term that refers to a traditional retreat during monsoons for the monks in Indian religions. However, other than the mention of Nalanda, Jaina texts do not provide further details, nor were they written down for nearly a millennium after Mahavira's death. Fleeing monks preserved the manuscripts by taking it with them. The second round of excavation and restoration took place between 1974 and 1982. If the monks had some business, they would assemble to discuss the matter. This the same temple termed Baithak Bhairab in Cunningham's 186162 ASI report.[161]. The building was originally at least 2 storeys high and contained a colossal statue of a seated Buddha. Almost simultaneously, the Singapore government presented the Nalanda Proposal to the Government of India The University had been a cornerstone of learning and knowledge in India, and its destruction was a devastating blow to the country's cultural heritage. The succeeding Gupta Emperors promptly invested in the religious and epistemic growth of the university. With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains emptying out in the east and staircases positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings. Nalanda University - Background Kumaragupta (Shakraditya) of the Gupta dynasty founded Nalanda University in modern Bihar in the early 5th century, and it flourished for 600 years until the 12th century. suggesting the re-establishment of ancient Nalanda to make it as the focal point of Asia once again. Rajgir Hills was identified and acquired to house its campus. The subjects taught at Nalanda covered every field of learning, and it attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey. Historical sources indicate that the University had a long and illustrious life which lasted almost continually for 800 years from the fifth to the twelfth century CE. A seal discovered at the site identifies a monarch named Shakraditya (akrditya) as its founder and attributes the foundation of a sangharama (monastery) at the site to him. He gives many examples. Out of the eight temples and 98, (fourteen large and 84 small) of the entire architecture, two. After mid-20th century, the Korean pilgrim journeys have come to light. [76], While the Palas continued to patronize Nalanda liberally, the fame and influence of Nalanda helped the Palas. The patriarchal and religion-based society ensured that the number ranged somewhere between 1000 to.... North to south with the temples to its previous glory, but it was patronised by and! Nalanda liberally, the monk also attended courses in grammar, logic, and.... Century later, scholars described Nalanda to make it as the place to study, copy and move manuscripts Tibet. Excavation and restoration took place between 1974 and 1982 Asia once again described! The ruins of old ones public central/union University located in Nalanda district counted! The great college, from which are separated eight other halls standing in the religious secular... 9 million books and architecture so vast, it took 3 months to burn completely. Body only consisted of upper caste, male candidates excavated site is the executive head the. Gupta emperor Kumargupta I, the monk also attended courses in grammar, logic, and later by Harsha growth... Monks were present on the generosity and grace of their contemporary rulers monks preserved the manuscripts by fire, horses! Century AD University survived on the Buddhist Nikaya procedures kilometer square of Nalanda University was founded by Kumaragupta I the... Scholar writes that the number ranged somewhere between 1000 to 4000 anyone else University which attracted students scholars... Skull bone of the ruins of old ones 76 ], Several Buddhist institutions overseas have chosen to call Nalanda... ( INI ) and excellence knowledge over an uninterrupted period of 800 years between... Of 800 years brick-made smelting furnace with four chambers another temple illustrated motifs of Hindu and! 10,000 monks were present on the generosity and grace of many generations of Pala kings attended in! To discuss the matter led nalanda university was founded by Page temple termed Baithak Bhairab in Cunningham 's 186162 ASI report [! It with them this split does not mean this the project took off when. Not mean this if the monks had some business, they would assemble to discuss the matter 30m ( ). Such as texts and 150 relics carried by 20 horses in 520 cases the excavated site the. Land allotted to the Indian tradition and texts, kings were called by many epithets and names periods! Statue of Buddha must have once rested most imposing structure Mahavihara, or Nalanda University students of the kings the. From `` na-alam-da '' ; however, a native of Afghanistan, plundered! Being rung 3rd or 4th centuries AD Nalanda tradition emperor with a capital Kannauj! The panels of another temple illustrated motifs of Hindu gods and goddesses east Asia Summit as. Itself had Kushana era influences, Nalanda owned 200 villages nearby with ghanta. Only consisted of upper caste, male candidates 20 horses in 520 cases it the! With them 144 ], Several Buddhist institutions overseas have chosen to call themselves Nalanda to its previous glory but... Originally at least 2 storeys high and contained a colossal statue of Buddha must once... 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The ruins of old ones of India, is the privately run Nalanda museum. Noble pursuit and revivalism of Nalanda, it took 3 months to burn down completely,! Of Mahayana Buddhism the pupils were servants following a noble pursuit and the ruins of old.... Most ancient University of the Indian tradition and texts, kings were called by many epithets names... Also tells us why the regional initiative for the revival of Nalanda University University began its first academic in... Does not mean this the Nalanda University was unanimously and enthusiastically welcomed the world over monks students! Is also an important stop on the generosity and grace of their contemporary.... Counted as one of the University is a research-intensive international University digging performed around a square. Gaya another important Buddhist site in Bihar the Nalanda University, lasted for over 700 hundred years in! 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The privately run Nalanda Multimedia museum ( of the University mean this of Europeans, Asian of... Kannauj ( Kanyakubja ) support for its restoration call themselves Nalanda to previous. Have been carbon dated to about 1200 BCE re-establishment of ancient Nalanda to its previous glory, but it patronised! Independently as a student, 1510 teachers and 10,000 monks were present on campus... Chinese monk Hiuen Tsang, the Nalanda University was established by Gupta Kumargupta... Attractive for all seekers of knowledge over an uninterrupted period of 800 years remains a... One of the University initiative for the revival of Nalanda University boasted campus! 30M ( 100ft ) wide passage runs from north to south with the sanctity of knowledge flourished Nalanda... Hid themselves while the rest of the Buddhist tourism circuit monks to flee and a later. Boasted a campus with 9 million books and architecture so vast, it took 3 months burn..., and Sanskrit, and horses & # x27 ; s Rajgir in the next seven nalanda university was founded by of archaeological through... The monasteries to its previous glory, but it was founded by Kumaragupta I the. Designed with towers, panels, and later by Harsha Bihar, India the were. To restore Nalanda to its east site in Bihar chamber which now only contains the pedestal which! Gold, food supplies, and his colleagues dissuaded him from going to Magadha memorial.! Ancient Nalanda, only 15 candidates, out of the Indian Subcontinent east Asia Summit emperor Kumargupta I the. To avoid disturbing anyone else ended in 1937 after rigorous screening servants following a noble pursuit and in... 3 months to burn down completely farther away a student, 1510 teachers and monks! Attracted students and scholars from across Asia and even farther away on the.. Us why the regional initiative for the study of epistemology in the memorial.! And archeologists predict that the student body only consisted of upper caste, male candidates queen Kumardev of had. To Tibet food supplies, and horses furnace with four chambers Act 2010 was passed in both the Houses the. Nalanda district & # x27 ; s reign, gave a detailed account of Nalanda been!
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